Thursday, April 12, 2012
Yes it is that time of year again. If the weather is starting to get nice and there are a few storms coming through your area it must be Spring and that means Taxes right? Well yes there is April 15th where we have to pay our taxes. But more importantly to the hospice and palliative medicine community is National Healthcare Decisions Day (US) and National Advance Care Planning Day (Canada) on Monday April 16th.
2012 marks the 5th year of NHDD, an initiative spearheaded by Nathan Kottkamp, a partner at McGuire Woods law firm in Virginia. He is living proof of the famous Margaret Mead quote, "Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it's the only thing that ever has."
I have had the pleasure of working with Nathan in 2011 on NHDD and I strongly support this great initiative which should be thoroughly embraced by the all of us. It speaks to our professional values and gives us a day where we can freely talk about advanced care planning without any sense of taboo feeling of the lingering spectre of death. This is an empowering event that emphasizes "Your Decisions Matter"
There are many simple ways you can participate and the NHDD website is a great resource. If you haven't planned anything for the public you could just focus your efforts on your friends and family. Or maybe your whole hospice office could make sure everyone has completed their advanced care planning. Or you can participate in the blog rally on Monday and use your social media platforms to spread the message. And you can have fun with it like these medical students did in their Star Wars themed Advanced Care Planning Video.
Most of all don't be hypocritical. If you are going to encourage everyone to complete it, take the first step and do it yourself. If you can't convince yourself to complete your advance care plan then how well will you be able to advocate for others.
Thursday, April 12, 2012 by Christian Sinclair ·
Some 2nd year medical students from my institution (University of Minnesota Medical School) created this remarkable and hilarious video about, well, a Gundersen-La Crosse-style advance care planning project which takes place in the Star Wars universe. You get to witness the horrors of receiving medical treatments against one's wishes (hint: it's from Episode III). Hat tip to Dr. Jim Pacala for letting us know about this. (It's good quality except the sound quality can be fuzzy - it's best viewed with good speakers.)
by Drew Rosielle MD ·
Monday, April 9, 2012
This is the fourth in a series of 41 posts from both GeriPal and Pallimed to get our physician readers ready for the hospice and palliative medicine boards. Every week GeriPal and Pallimed will alternate publishing a new question, as well as a discussion of possible answers to the question (click here for the full list of questions).
We welcome comments about any aspects of the questions or the answers/discussions. The feedback that we hope to get in the comment sections of the post will help us all learn important aspects for the boards. We also welcome an interdisciplinary viewpoint when answering these questions, so even if you are not taking the medical boards, your input is still very much welcome.You visit a patient at home receiving hospice care for cancer. Her pain has been well controlled with long acting morphine 60mg BID and occasional PRN doses of short acting liquid morphine (10mg) over the past few weeks: she had been tolerating this well. She has had recent progressive functional decline and is currently at a PPS of 20%. In the last 24 hours the patient has vomited and has been more lethargic and having difficulty swallowing pills. She appears uncomfortable. In your examination you see a very thin patient who appears to be dying with a prognosis in the few days to a week range.
The patient’s son is a respiratory therapist at a hospital and is insisting you change the patient’s opioid to a fentanyl patch because “it is less sedating than morphine.”
The best response is:
a) Because the patient is cachectic, you tell the family that fentanyl transdermal patches are not indicated because the medication will not be absorbed.
b) Agree with the son and convert the patient to a 37.5mcg/hr fentanyl patch with oral morphine liquid 10mg q1 hour PRN
c) Because the fentanyl will not be effective for over 24 hours, continue the long acting morphine sulfate 60mg BID but give it rectally instead of by mouth
d) Suggest starting a morphine infusion via her port at 1.7mg/hr basal with a 3mg q30min bolus PRN after talking with the son about his concerns about sedation.
Discussion:
Answer and Discussion:
The correct answer is D.
a) Cachexia has not been show to be a CLINICALLY RELEVALANT factor in absorption of transdermal fentanyl. Cachexia will decrease the amount of subcutaneous fat which is where fentanyl is stored AFTER absorption through the dermal layers. In 2009 Heiskanen did a study comparing blood levels between cachectic and non-cachectic volunteers and found no significant difference, although cachectic patients had a slightly lower mean concentration. There was no difference in VAS score.
b) Fentanyl is not less sedating than morphine at equianalgesic doses. Also there is no 37.5mcg/hr patch or 12.5mcg/hr patch. As written, and described by the manufacturer, the “12.5mcg/hr patch” is labeled and Rx’d as a “12mcg/hr” patch to prevent confusion with Rx’ing 125mcg/hr. As for the conversion, it could be acceptable to use a 25mcg/hr & 12mcg/hr patch (total 37mcg/hr) per the Fentanyl transdermal product insert. It recommends 25mcg/hr for someone on OMDD of 60-134mg and 50mcg/hr for someone on OMDD 135-224, so this is right in the middle. The Breitbart/Donner conversion of 2mg morphine = 1mcg/hr transdermal fentanyl which would be 60mcg/hr of fentanyl (You could choose 50 or 75 depending on other clinical circumstances).
c) The pharmacokinetics of fentanyl do not warrant switching to it if otherwise indicated. Morphine still has time to circulate and get out of her system, and fentanyl begins to reach significant blood concentrations 8-12 hours after application. If needed, she can be bridged with a few doses of liquid morphine. In addition, people do not prefer rectal administration if it could be avoided.
d) A morphine continuous infusion allows for the continuation of the current effective opioid in a patient who is likely not going to regain swallowing function. The conversion is most direct (120mg OMDD = 40mg daily IV = 1.7mg/hr (1.5 if your pumps are limited in decimal rates). A 3 mg IV morphine bolus most closely replicates the 10mg oral morphine doses that were effective prior. If you did not choose this answer because your hospice doesn’t use continuous infusions (expense, nurse familiarity, not available from local pharmacy) then start talking with your hospice to decrease these barriers to an effective and essential tool to good pain management.
References:
- Cachexia and Transdermal Abosrption of Fentanyl - Pallimed
- Heiskanen, Tarja. (2009-7) Transdermal fentanyl in cachectic cancer patients. PAIN, 70(1-2), 928-222. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.04.012
- Mercadante, Sebastiano. (2012-01-09) Sustained-release oral morphine versus transdermal fentanyl and oral methadone in cancer pain management. European Journal of Pain, 7(Suppl. A), 320-1046. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.01.013
- Weissman DE. Converting to/from Transdermal Fentanyl, 2nd Edition. Fast Facts and Concepts. July 2005; 2. Available at: http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/fastfact/ff_002.htm.
- Tatum IV WO. (2002) Adult patient perceptions of emergency rectal medications for refractory seizures. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 3(6), 535-538. PMID: 12609248
- Colbert SA, O'Hanlon D, McAnena O, & Flynn N. (1998) The attitudes of patients and health care personnel to rectal drug administration following day case surgery. European journal of anaesthesiology, 15(4), 422-6. PMID: 9699099
- Mercadante, Sebastiano. (2012-01-09) Sustained-release oral morphine versus transdermal fentanyl and oral methadone in cancer pain management. European Journal of Pain, 7(Suppl. A), 320-1046. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.01.013
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Monday, April 9, 2012 by Christian Sinclair ·
Monday, April 2, 2012
This is the fourth in a series of 41 posts from both GeriPal and Pallimed to get our physician readers ready for the hospice and palliative medicine boards. Every week GeriPal and Pallimed will alternate publishing a new question, as well as a discussion of possible answers to the question (click here for the full list of questions).
We welcome comments about any aspects of the questions or the answers/discussions. The feedback that we hope to get in the comment sections of the post will help us all learn important aspects for the boards. We also welcome an interdisciplinary viewpoint when answering these questions, so even if you are not taking the medical boards, your input is still very much welcome.Mrs Dole, a 68 year old with 20 year history of Diabetes Mellitus Type II is referred to Palliative Care from Oncology with Stage III Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nausea is the key concern. For last 3 years she has had early satiety but maintained weight. Since initiating chemotherapy, she has had nausea for the first 2 days of her chemotherapy cycle, which then resolves.
1 week after the last round of chemotherapy she required intravenous fluids for dehydration. Now 2 weeks later is having intermittent severe nausea. It can be provoked by sudden changes in body position. She fell once because she lost her balance. Usually she does not vomit, but occasionally does. She describes a feeling of the room spinning associated with the nausea.
Of the following options, which drug is most targeted to this patient’s specific nausea type:
a) Ondansetron
b) Prochlorperazine
c) Metoclopramide
d) Diazepam
e) Meclizine
Discussion:
Answer and Discussion:
The correct answer is E.
This patient has had multiple types of nausea, however currently her major nausea type seems to be vestibular. She may have developed an otolith while dehydrated. Some chemotherapeutic agents are ototoxic and can cause vestibular symptoms including hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo/nausea. She also has had chemotherapy induced nausea, as well as diabetic gastroparsis. For the boards, probably the default choice for nausea will be D2 blockers, however there are certain types of nausea for which D2 blockers are not the best choice.
a) Ondansetron and the other ‘-setrons’ are HT3 receptor blockers and have excellent evidence for the treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea, and post-operative nausea. While used widely for other types of nausea including opioid-associated, there is less evidence to support them for these practices. They are exceedingly safe and well-tolerated; they are constipating.
*** Chemotherapy induced nausea/vomiting (CINV) is considered acute when it occurs <24h after chemo infusion, and delayed if >24h. Delayed n/v usually occurs in the several days after chemotherapy, but not weeks. First line treatments to prevent acute CINV including 5HT3 blockers and steroids. NK-1 blockers such as aprepitant and gluclocorticoids are also used, especially for mod-highly emetogenic chemo. NK-1 blockers and steroids also prevent delayed N/V; 5HT3 blockers less so. D2 blockers are no longer first line agents as 5HT3 blockers have clearly shown superior efficacy and safety. Doses of metoclopramide needed to be effective are 1-2mg/kg IV!
b) Prochlorperazine and other D2 blockers such as haloperidol target the Chemoreceptor trigger zone and D2 receptor. They are the work-horses of nausea treatment.
c) While the patient has some component of diabetic gastroparesis suggested by satiety and long history of DM, he is not bothered by emesis with meals. Metoclopramide targets D2 receptors primarily in the gut, and has some prokinetic features, but its role long-term for gastroparesis is controversial as it causes EPS such as tardive dyskinesia.
d) Diazepam and benzodiazepines are effective for anticipatory nausea/vomiting which occurs in ~25% of chemo patients. Behavorial/cognitive treatments, and integrative modalities are probably helpful too. Aggressive prevention of CINV can help prevent anticipatory n/v.
She has what seems to be vestibular symptoms. Anticholinergic drugs such as meclizine, scopolamine, promethazine, and even diphenhydramine are potential drugs. CNS side effects such as sedation, confusion; as well as orthostatis and xerostomia are worrisome side effects.
References:
- Wood et al. Management of Intractable Nausea and Vomiting in Patients at the End of Life. JAMA. 2007;298(10):1196-1207
- Vatican on Tube Feeding, More on Abigail, Nausea Review in JAMA - Pallimed
- Hain TC, Uddin M. Pharmacological treatment of vertigo. CNS Drugs. 2003;17:85–100.
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Monday, April 2, 2012 by Christian Sinclair ·
Sunday, April 1, 2012
(We hope you enjoyed our April Fool's jokes this year. Look for more of our past April Fool's posts here. - Ed.)
Leaders of the APRIL-FUL showing good bedside manner |
Chicago, April 1, 2012.
by Abe R Feaulx, Pallimed Special Reporter
In a joint news conference, representatives of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Comedy (ACGMC) and the Alaskan Veterinary Medical Association Accreditation Council on Comedy (AVMA COC) outlined new requirements for accreditation of fellowships in Hospice, Palliative Care and Pupplies (HPCP). As many of you will recall last April 2011, the Association of Palliative Realists Interested in Looking For Unified Language (APRIL-FUL) declared the new name for the field "Hospice, Palliative Care and Puppies."
Explaining the historic cooperation between ACGMC and AVMA COC, ACGMC board chairman Dr. Moe Howard said "the recent change in the specialty's name presented an opportunity for strategic cooperation between our two organizations that we couldn't pass by. Working together, we can fulfill our mission to assure the public that graduates of HPMP training programs are fully competent to carry out all the duties of an HPCP specialist, including finding the right type of puppy to meet a patient and families needs."
Explaining the historic cooperation between ACGMC and AVMA COC, ACGMC board chairman Dr. Moe Howard said "the recent change in the specialty's name presented an opportunity for strategic cooperation between our two organizations that we couldn't pass by. Working together, we can fulfill our mission to assure the public that graduates of HPMP training programs are fully competent to carry out all the duties of an HPCP specialist, including finding the right type of puppy to meet a patient and families needs."
The new requirements include:
- one month rotation at a veterinary hospital accredited by AVMA COC
- six month continuity clinic at a PetSmart or other similar community-based pet training center
- inclusion of a pet therapist (the pet, not the person) at all IDT team meetings that the trainee attends
- a scholarly project documenting impact of puppies on palliative care patients or staff or volunteers
In a coordinated announcement, the National Alliance of Hospice, Palliative Care and Puppies,(NAHPCP) pledged to quickly adapt the competency statements, measurable outcomes, and competency toolkit to these new requirements. "We'll be integrating evidence-based competencies that are applicable to the new training requirements into the competency toolkit. For instance, it will be very important for graduating fellows to be able to train the pet therapists on hospice IDT's in prognostication skills, such as those exemplified by Oscar the Cat," said Dr. Sitt Phydo, chair of the AAHPCP task force to promote evidence based palliative pets. (PEPP)
When asked for comment, the National Association for Cats in Hospice issued a statement declaring, "We would rather work on our own and not be dependent on any other organizations like some sniveling canine."
Happy April Fools Day 2012 from Pallimed
When asked for comment, the National Association for Cats in Hospice issued a statement declaring, "We would rather work on our own and not be dependent on any other organizations like some sniveling canine."
Happy April Fools Day 2012 from Pallimed
Sunday, April 1, 2012 by Abe R Feaulx ·
Last Saturday night, live, special correspondent to Weekend Update, Chevy Chase, filed this report on a story that he has been covering since 1975.
To the cheers of supporters, aides to Generalissimo Francisco Franco announced that the Generalissimo has received a left ventricular assist device, also known by the abbreviation, LVAD. The procedure was performed at an undisclosed location. At this time, it is uncertain how this development will ultimately affect the Generalissimo's fate. Aides declined to comment on whether the Generalissimo would be placed on a heart transplant list.
At this time Generalissimo Francisco Franco is not dead.
Stay tuned for further updates.
To the cheers of supporters, aides to Generalissimo Francisco Franco announced that the Generalissimo has received a left ventricular assist device, also known by the abbreviation, LVAD. The procedure was performed at an undisclosed location. At this time, it is uncertain how this development will ultimately affect the Generalissimo's fate. Aides declined to comment on whether the Generalissimo would be placed on a heart transplant list.
At this time Generalissimo Francisco Franco is not dead.
Stay tuned for further updates.
by Abe R Feaulx ·
(We hope you enjoyed our April Fool's jokes this year. Look for more of our past April Fool's posts here. - Ed.)
April 1, 2012
by Abe R Feaulx, Pallimed Special Reporter
On a cross-country plane flight, Dr. Arya Kidenmee finally admitted to her seatmate, an unabashedly handsome young shower curtain salesman, what the public has known all this time. "I finally had to tell him that hospice work is very sad. I'm not sure why people in hospice and palliative care always say it is rewarding. We have meetings every week where we just sit and cry the entire time, it is absolutely emotionally paralyzing to try and help people with advanced illness."
When reached for comment, seatmate Brock Montgomery noted, "I knew it. I run into people in health care all the time and people who work for hospice always appear so friendly and outgoing, but I knew there could not be anything rewarding in helping people who were in great pain feel better. I'm glad she finally told the truth."
Dr. Kidenmee noted that she has struggled for years in talking at dinner parties and other social gatherings when asked about what she does for a living. "If only I could take people with me and show them how utterly sad my everyday job is, then maybe they would understand that research that shows resilience and a strong purpose to work in palliative care was all a bunch of baloney. Yes I said it, baloney."
Update: It was later discovered after this story was published that Dr. Arya Kidenmee is not really a physician and clearly from her comments has no experience in hospice. She was just trying to get Brock to feel bad for her and ask for her number.
Happy April Fools Day 2012 from Pallimed
by Abe R Feaulx ·
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